Disk Roto Centrifugal Pendulum The Semple Plunger Sequential Arming Segments Rotary Shutter Ball Cam Rotor Ball Rotor Escapement Types Untuned Two-center Escapements Tuned Two-center Escapements Description of Escapement Mechanisms Dwcription of Tooth Design Tuned Three-center Escapements, Reserve Batteries RC Circuits Basic RC Delay Circuits Triode RC Delay Circuit Three-wire RC Delay Circuit Two-diode Ruehlmann Circit Single-diode Ruehlmann Circuit Fluid Devices Fluid Flow Fluidic and Flueric Systems Relaxation Oscillator Pneumatic Delay External Bleed Dashpot Annular Orifice Dashpot Delay by Fluids of High Viscosity Silicone Grease Chemical Arming Devices Motion-induced Arming Devices Requirements for a Fuue.
Environmental Features General S. Steps in Developing a Fuze Acceptance, Safety. Aplication of Fuze l esigi, Principles.. Reqo' -. Booster Assembly Initiating Assembly Tests anid Revisions 9 5 9-i Lamples of Current Fuze Design.. Example of Rai,. Insensitive Design Coil Spring Design. Controlling Motion. Sequential Leaf Arming Fuze Components for Spin-stabilized Projectiles.. Rotor Detents. Rotary Shutters. Mechanical Time Fuzes Design of One Component Small Arm Fuzes,, References Rifle Grenades, Launched Grenades Fuze Action The Arming Process Fuze Operation Special Fuzes.
Bomblet Fuzes Sea Mines. References- , Linkage of Setter Components Potting Compounds. Sealng Materials Mechanical Considerations Supporting Structure Sel-ction of Components. Electrical Components. References I Mechanical Components Use of Analog Computer. Fault Tree Analysis Performance Tests Development and Acceptance Tests Test Programming Component Tests Explosive Elements Mechanical Devices Power Sources Proof Tests Safety Tests Typical Artillery Round Typical Bomb Fuze, PD, M A Standard Fuze Contour Standard Firing Pin for Stab Initiators Piezoelectric Nose Element Piezoelectric Base Element Typical Circuit for Wind-driven Generator Detonating High Explosive Examples of Good and Poor Detonations Typical Primers and Detonators Mechanical Typir-al Primers and Detonators Electrical Electric Squib, M Delay Element, M Relay, XM Ballistic Environments of a Fuze Typical Pressure-travel Curve Drag Coefficient KD Nomogram for Determining Spin Velocity of a Projectile.
Setback Force on a Fuze Part Creep Force on a Fuze Part Centrifugal Force on a Fuze Part Coriolis Force on a Fuze Part Torque on a Fuze Part Projection of Spring Motion Mass and Spring Under Acceleration Compression Spring Data Typical Cased Power Spring Nrgator Spring X t le P' page Slider at an Angle Hinge Pin Detent Actions Trip Levers Firing Ring for All-way Switch Nomenclature for Spiral Unwinder Disk Rotor Detonator Overlap in Disk Rotor Semple Plunger Sequential Leaf Mechanism Setback Acceleration Curve Runaway Escapement Typical Rocket Accelerations Variation in Rocket Arming Time Action of Junghans or Deadbeat Escapement Popovitch Modification of Junghans Escapement Coordinate System for Analysis of Tooth Design Escapement Wheel Tooth Design Detached Lever Escapement Switch for Rotated Fuzes Thermal Delay Arming Switch Thermal Delay Self-destruction Switch Explosive Motors Basic RC Delay Circuit Two-diode Ruehlmann Circuit Circuit After Closure of Switch S2.
Schematic of Flueric Pressure-compensated Oscillator Schematic of Flueric Counter Stage Flueric Timer Sample Flueric Timer Elements Flueric Relaxation Oscillator Flueric Relaxation Oscillator and Digital Amplifier Page I",t e. Fuze, XM Pneumatic Dashpot for Arming Delay Delay Assembly of Fuze, XM Chemical Long Delay System Electromagnetic Induction Sea Mine Ballistic Drawing for 40 mm Gun Outline of Fuze Contour Preliminary Space Sketch Booster and Detonator Assemblies Initiating Assembly Complete Fuze Assembly , Interlocking Pin Leaf Arming Mechanism of Fuze, M Spiral Spring for Ball Rotor Effect of Detent Length Booster, M21A Centrifugal Drive Hand Grenade Fuze, MA Typical Bomb Release Curves Fuze, Bomb Nose, ME Gear Assembly of Fuze, ME Explosive Train of Fuze, ME Fuze, Bomb Tail, M Constant Speed Governor of Drive, M Fuze, Bomb Nose, M Arming Pin Assembly of Fuze, M Antenna Pattern of Bomb Proximity Fuze Doppler Principle Typical Amplifier Response Curve Pull-release Device Page Expansible Socket of Pull-release Device Trip Wire Action Pressure-release Firing Device, M Firing Device, M Location of Seals in a Typical Electronic Fuze Construction of Typical Mortar Fuze, M Catacomb Amplifier Fuze on Analog Display Board Low-g Centrifuge Shock Machine Jolt Machine Jumble Machine Results of Impact Safe Distance Test Transportation-vibration Machine Layout of Salt Spray Fog Chamber Vacuum Steam Pressure Chamber A-1 Ball Rotor Nomenclature Ttt le Page Fuze Categories Compatibility of Common Explosives and Metals Physical Properties of Fuze Explosives Common Explosive Materials Spring Equutions Computations of Moments of Inertia Summary of Calculations Bomb Ballistics Dimensions of Present Day Centrifuges Typical Field Proof Tests Military Standards for Fuzes Army Materiel Command have evolved over a vwmber of years for the purpose of making readily available basic information, technical data, and practical guides for the development of military equipment.
While aimed primarily at U. Army materiel, the handbooks serve as authoritative references fQr needs of other branches of the Armed Services as well.
The present handbook is one of a series on Fuzes. This publication is the first revision of the Handbook, Fu ze, , ,e? Extensive changes were made to update the volume. Information on explosive trains was condensed, this subject now being treated in its own publication, AMCP Illustrations of sample ammunition items, references, and test data were brought up to date.
New chapters are included on design considerations and design guidance. The treatment of electric fuze actions waR greatly enlarged with material excerpted from AMCP This handbook present6 both theoretical and practical data pertaining to fuzes. Coverage includes initiation, arming, design, and tests of fuzes and their components. Both mechanical and electric fuze actions are treated. The fuzing of all conventional ammunition items is covered. Prepared as an aid to ammunition designers, this handbook should also be of benefit to scientists and engineers engaged in other basically related research and development programs or who have responsibility for the planning and interpretation of experiments and tests concerning the performance of ammunition or ammunition components.
Its preparation was under the technical guidance and coordination of a special committee with representation from Picatinny Arsenal, Frankford Arsenal, and Edgewood Arsenal of the U. Chairman of this committee was Mr. Schuster of Picatinny Arsenal. Procedures for acquiring these Handbooks follow: a.
Contractors who have Department of Defense contracts should submit their requests, through their contracting officer with proper justification, to the address indicated in paragraph a. Government agencies other than DOD having need for the Handbooks may submit their requests directly to the Letterkenny Army Depot, as indicated in paragraph a above, or to: Commanding General U.
PP Washington, D. Industries not having Government contracts this includes Universities must forward their requests to: Commanding General U. All foreign requests must be submitted through the Washington, D. They include artillery ammunition nuclear and non-nuclear , mortar ammunition, bombs, mines, grenades, pyrotechnics, atomic demolition munitions, missile warheads nuclear and non-nuclear , and other munition items.
Because of the variety of types and the wide range of sizes, weights, yields, and intended usage, it is natural that the configuration, size, and complexity of fuzes vary also over a wide range. Fuzes extend all the way from a relatively simple device such as a grenade fuze to a highly sophisticated system or subsystem such as a radar fuze for a missile warhead. In many instances the fuze is a single physical entitysuch as a grenade fuze-while in other instances two or more interconnected components placed in various locations within or even outside the mrnition make up the fuze or fuzing system.
Leading nations such as the U. This is particularly true of fuzes because of their important and exacting role, constituting in effect the brain of the munition.
This handbook in the Engineering Design Handbook Series is concemed with the basic principles underlying the design of fuzes.
Since the final design of any fuze will depend upon the required role and performance and upon the ingenuity of the designer, attention in the handbook is focused on these basic principles. Illustrations of applications are purposely kept as simplified as possible, leaving the final design approaches, as they must be, to the fuze designer.
Initiation as the word implies, sterts with an input "signal," such as target sensing, impact, or other. Valuable contributions were made by C.
Davey, P. Mohrbach, second stage of amplification , and a booster third sage of amplification which has an explosive output of sufficient force to detonate tDistinct fuze terms drr defined in the Glossary. Since the detonator contains 1. As an approach to providing adequate safety, present design philosophy calls for a fuze to have at least two independent safing features, wherever possible, either of which is capable of preventing an unintended detonation; at least one of these features must provide delayed arming safe separation.
This and other aspects of safety are discussed in detail in Chapter 9. Reliability of functioning is also a primary concern of the fuze designer, details of which are covered in later chapters e. At the left the fuze is represented as unarmed so that it may be stored, transported, handled, and safely launched.
The arming process starts at a by adding energy to the system in a proper manner. At b enough energy has been added so that the device will continue to completion o; the arming cycle. At any time between a and b the device will return to the unarmed condition if the energy is removed. After b the fuze is committed to continue the arming process; therefore, b is termed the commitment point.
The detonator is aligned Ammunition can carry a fuze in its nose, its base, or anywhere within depending upon its tactical purpose. To illustrate this versatility, several common fuze carriers are briefly described below.
Greater detail is contained in Part Three of this handbook. The weapon firing pin at the bottom of the figure strikes the cartridge primer. This initiates the propelling charge with the help of the igniter. Rifling in the gun tube engraves the rotating band thus imparting spin to stabilize the projectile. In flight, centrifugal forces, set up in the spinning projectile, turn rotor and move interrupter so that a continuous explosive train is formed.
The fuze is now armed. Upon target impact, the firing pin in the fuze is pushed into the primer which then explodes and ignites the detonator. It in turn initiates the booster that amplifies the detonation sufficiently to reliably detonate the bursting charge. Rockets carry- their own propellant which burns during rocket flight. Fuze Arming Process 1. Nunivri al Refernce's are li,ted at the end of each Chapt,-r hilc lettvred Hejerences are liq ted at the end of tlhe text.
Bomb fuzes often are armed by vanes that spin in RGITwo - Typical Artillery Round As a tank or other heavy vehicle rolls over the mine, it depresses the pressure plate which causes the Belleville springs to snap through, driving the firing pin into the detonator, initiating the main charge in the mine.
Various antipersonnel mines operating under lighter pressure or by trip wires are also used in minefields. Fins provide stability in flight. The body contains the high explosive; fuzes may b? In addition to performing the basic functions of safing, arming, and firing, fuzes having high usage rates should be designed so as to be 1. This is necessary in order to minimize human errors in manufacture and assembly, and to minimize production costs.
Fuzes may also be grouped as to location, such as nose or base; as to functioning type such as mechanical or electrical; or as to caliber, Table lists common fuze categories. Whereas identifying features, such vs MT mechanical time or HEAT high exploave antitank , were formerly added to fuze nomenclature, the current trend is to minimize such descriptive terms.
WO-Ai detonating PD fuzei located in the nose of the projectile, which furction upon impact with the target or following impact by a timed delay, and b base-detonating BD fues located in the base of the projectile, which function with short delay after initial contact.
The delay depends on the design and may include a delay element specifically delaying the functioning fot as much as typically 0. The base location is aslected to protect the fuze during perforation of the target in the case of armor-piercing projectiles. In shaped charge projectiles the fuze is point-initiating, base-detonating PIBD where the target sensing element is in the nose of the projectile and the main part of the fuze is in the base.
This base position is required in order that the explosive wave will move over the shaped charge cone in the proper direction. Contact fuzes are conveniently divided according to response into superquick, nondelay, and delay.
A superquick fuze is a nose fuze in which the sensing element causes immediate initiation of the bursting charge typically less than microseconds.
Among the fuzes operating by impact action alternatively referred to as contact fuzes are: a point. Nondelay elements may be incorpor. The inertial device is used when a small degree of target penetra- tion is acceptable or desired, and for graze action.
Delay fuzes contain deliberately built-in delay elements which delay initiation of the main charge, after target impact. The elements of the fuze which bring about the delayed action are in effect "time fuze" elements see below.
Delay elements may be incorporated in either PD or BD fuzes; however for very hard targets, armor-piercing projectiles, which always have BD fuzes, are called for. In certain fuzes, such as bomb fuzes, longer delays are frequently used. These fuzes usually contain antiremoval devices to discourage defuzing by the enemy.
Time fuzes are used to initiate the munition at some desired time after launch, drop, or emplacement These fuzes are generally settable at the time of use and the timiing function is performed by the use of such devices as ciockwork, analog or digital electronic circuitry, and chemical and pyrotechnic reactions. Time fuzes are used for projectiles primarily of the illuminating, beehive, and special purpose.
They also have some limited uses in HE projectiles. Time fuzes range from those having set times as low as fractions of a second to as high as several hours or days. Typically a projectile fuze gives times up to seconds in current designs.
This action is particularly effective in uses against personnel, light ground targets, aircraft, and superstructures of ships. These fuzes are the subject of separate Engineering Design Handbooksp' t It may be accomplished by various timing mechanisms such as discussed earlier or in the case of more sophisticated munitions by command through a radio or radar link. The purpose of SD is of course to minimize damage to friendly areas. A dummy fuze is ra completely inert and more or less accurate replica of a service fuze.
For ballis. A practice or training fuse is a service fuze, modifled primarily for use in training exercises. It may be completely inert a dummy fuze , may have its booster charge replaced by a spotting charge, or may differ in other significant ways from a service fuze.
When standardized, the "X" is then dropped. Many fizzes with "T" numbers ae still in existence. There is no uniform method for designating expeimental Navy fuzes because each Agency devise its own system. Howevar, many such fizes carry the letter "X" as a part of their nomenclature such as EX Items of Army ammunition so marked may still be encountered. The M is a uuperquick, pointdetonating fuze that has been quite successful because of its relative simplicity'.
It consists of two major parts: 1 A head assembly that contains striker, firing pin, and a clockwork for delayed arming The striker with conical striker spring is especially designed to permit the fuze to be fully effective when impact is at low angles. The fuze has two pull wires, connected by a cord for easy withdrawal, that remove two set. The wire is removed just before inserting the projD tile into the mortar tube.
Operation is as follows: 1 Upon firing, acceleration of the projectile produces setback forces that cause the setback pin to move to the rear Fig.
The safety pin is released as a result of this motion so that the spring on the safety pin pushes it outward. As long as the projectile is within the mortar tube, the pin rides on the bore. The firing pin in its rearward position is in the blank hole of the lider Fig. At the end of a 3-second arming delay, a spring causes forward motion of the firing pi, asn it to withdraw from the slider. The slider, then, is preente from movig until both a the projectile clears the tube, and b the clockwork runs5 down.
The detonation seta off the lead and the booster. TM ocktsDep. TM Cuitainly, its design requires an eq- the Service using the item. Everyone othr than the customer is considered an outsider beesmue neerig knowledep to handl the forces for armin end functioning in the environment his prime intrest isnot to uns the produt. However, many outsiders have med. Tis chapter dIscume thes 8neral considertions. A fuze requirement is usually originated by the Combat Arms and sent to the prope supplying agency in the Defens Department.
The request pinpoints exactly what is required but is normally most vague about how it is to be accomplished. For example, a munition may be needed to inflict certain damage on an aircraft. There will be a date on which the item isto be available. Th, may be alL The supplying agency must now decide how this request can be satisfied by Government installations or indus.
The length of time availble Therein lies one of the methods for solving a will help to decide whether an existing device complex problem: break it down into separate," will be modified or whether a new dew workable parts. To be sur, ther are many areas where precise formulas have not yet been developed and many that will never lend themselves to precise solutions. Proportioning a given space to contain the various fuse components, for example, defies exact calculations known today.
In solving such problems, designers rely upon past experience and judgment or reposted testing. In some ca it may be necessary to develop new matcrials, processes, or methods. It is best to keep in mind all aspects of the problem, for judgment can be sound only when based on a firm sp ofall pertinent facts. Once the fu has been developed, it can benefit from efforts of production and value engineering.
It is impotant that this effort be coordinated with the desge so that desg characteristics we not compromised arbitrarily. The final product may be a guided miasile, a rocket, or a projectile with an impact, time, or proximity fue. Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! The Engineering Design Handbooks of the U. Army Materiel Command have evolved over a number of years for the purpose of making readily available basic information, technical data, and practical guides for the development of military equipment.
While aimed primarily at U. Army materiel, the handbooks serve as authoritative references for needs of other branches of the Armed Services as well. The present handbook is one of a series on Fuzes. This handbook presents both theoretical and practical data pertaining to fuzes.
Coverage includes initiation, arming, design, and tests of fuzes and their components. Both mechanical and electric fuze actions are treated.
Army materiel, the handbooks serve as authoritative references for needs of other branches of the Armed Services as well. The present handbook is one of a series on Fuzes. This handbook presents both theoretical and practical data pertaining to fuzes.
Coverage includes initiation, arming, design, and tests of fuzes and their components. Both mechanical and electric fuze actions are treated. The fuzing of all conventional ammunition items is covered.
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